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Neurointervention > Volume 15(3); 2020 > Article
Al-Jehani, Alhamid, Alkhalaf, and Alabbas: A Case of Coincidental Free Floating Thrombus in the Vertebral Artery in a Patient Presenting with an Anterior Circulation Stroke and Literature Review

Abstract

Free-floating thrombus (FFT) is a rare condition with unknown etiology as described by many case reports presented in previous literature. The patients usually present symptomatically while the other few patients remain asymptomatic and are usually discovered incidentally on computed tomography angiography (CTA). Most of the cases reported in the literature are of FFT in the internal carotid artery. We present a 59-year-old female as a case of FFT in the vertebral artery which was coincidently discovered on CTA in a patient initially presenting with an anterior circulation stroke. This case highlights the importance of early contrast-based vascular imaging in patients presenting with large vessel strokes that are cardioembolic in nature and the unique utilization of a direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) for revascularization. Included herein an extensive review of the literature about the decision making in patients with FFT and a devised proposed practical approach to this entity.

INTRODUCTION

Free-floating thrombus (FFT) is a rare condition and has been infrequently reported in the literature. The first-ever FFT was reported with postmortem in 1905 [1]. The exact etiopathogenesis of FFT remains unknown, although detached atherosclerotic plaque and hypercoagulable states could be considered as the likely causes [2]. Many case-reports have reported the occurrence of FFT in the carotid artery, mostly the internal carotid artery (ICA). Such patients usually present with a neurological deficit as a consequence of completed stroke with fixed deficits, stroke-in-evolution, or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) [3]. A few asymptomatic cases have also been reported. The diagnosis of an acute ischemic stroke is done initially with the help of plain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This is followed by CT angiography (CTA) for the confirmation of large vessel occlusion [4]. FFT on CTA is seen as an intra-luminal filling defect and can easily be differentiated from an atherosclerotic plaque [5]. Hence, it is the preferred diagnostic choice in FFT. The available therapeutic management options for such cases are either interventional or medical therapy [6]. A consensus on the optimal management strategy for FFT is not yet established [7]. Bhatti et al. [8] reported that the majority of cases (68%) of FFT underwent surgical management and 30% had medical management with main anticoagulants and antiplatelet therapy. The 30-day postoperative-management outcomes were almost the same in both types of intervention.
We describe a case in which a FFT was discovered coincidently in the vertebral artery in a patient presenting with an anterior circulation stroke. We aim to discuss the importance of early vascular imaging for stroke patients and our acute interventional strategy here. In addition, we conducted an extensive review of the literature about the decision making in patients with FFT and devised a proposed practical approach to this entity.

CASE REPORT

Patient information & diagnostic findings

A 59-year-old right-handed Caucasian lady, known to have migraine with aura and type-2 diabetes mellitus presented to our emergency department center with dysarthria, left upper motor neuron facial weakness and left-sided hemiparesis affecting the upper limb more than the lower limb. The patient presented with signs of a right middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke with an National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) of 10 and unfortunately was out of the window period for intravenous thrombolysis as it was a wake-up stroke and last seen well (LSW) was unknown. A MRI of the brain was obtained on an urgent basis which showed an established infarction in the anterior third of the right MCA territory secondary to the occlusion of the superior M2 branch of the right MCA (Fig. 1).
Upon further workup, CTA showed a filling defect in the right V4 segment of the right vertebral artery which was suspected of being a dissection or a FFT, with normal flow in the left vertebral artery and the basilar artery and its distal branches (Fig. 2).
The attending neurologist in the referring hospital discussed the case with our neurovascular on-call team and the patient was then transferred urgently to our hospital for emergent endovascular therapy (EVT).

Intervention

The patient was transferred to King Fahad hospital of the university the same night. An urgent angiogram was performed through a 5-F femoral sheath and a diagnostic catheter, under local anesthesia. The left ICA injection showed a normal flow into the MCA territory as well as the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory, with no cross flow to the right hemisphere. The right ICA injection showed the previously mentioned occlusion of the superior M2 branch with deficient collaterals to central MCA core territory. The left vertebral injection showed normal flow in its intracranial segment with no reflux into the right vertebral artery with normal flow into the basilar artery and its distal branches (Fig. 3A). The right vertebral artery was accessed just at its origin and a slow injection of contrast was administered in fear of dislodging any parts of the suspected thrombus. This injection confirmed the presence of the FFT in the V4 segment of the right vertebral artery with non-visualization of the right posterior-inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or the distal flow into the basilar artery despite minimal filling of the contrast around the clot (Fig. 3B).
Using an exchange wire, The vertebral catheter was exchanged into a 5-F intermediate catheter (Sofia; Microvention, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA). The intermediate catheter, under road map guidance; was advanced with limited wire excursion into the area of the clot. This was followed by manual aspiration that yielded a multiple clot fragments (Fig. 3C). Post aspiration angiogram showed complete revascularization of the right vertebral artery with a slight delay in the right PICA with mild stenosis in the V3-4 junction (Fig. 3D). The patient tolerated the procedure well and remained stable neurologically.

Outcome and follow-up

Immediately after the compilation of the procedure, the patient was transferred uneventfully back to her referring hospital. The MRI obtained 24-hours post thrombectomy showed no new strokes in the posterior circulation territory (Fig. 4). Her stroke workup revealed the significant finding of a left atrial appendage with a thrombus which was discovered through transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). In addition, she was found to have paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Given the presence of these 2 risk factors for cardioembolic strokes, the patient was started on anticoagulation in the form of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) warfarin for secondary stroke prevention. A follow-up echocardiogram and TEE were to be done in 3 months to assess the status of the left atrial appendage thrombus but unfortunately, the patient failed to follow up.

DISCUSSION

FFT has been reported in the literature in both the cervical carotid arteries followed by the vertebral arteries with almost all of them presenting symptomatically [8]. These were also termed intraluminal thrombus (ILT), intraluminal clot and were referred to as the doughnut sign [9,10]. Studies based on catheter angiography reported a prevalence of FFT ranging from 0.4% to 1.5% in patients with stroke or TIAs and with the recent utilization of CTA in those patients presenting acutely the prevalence has gone up to almost 3.2% [9-12].
In a recently published study, Singh et al. [12] demonstrated that the most common location of FFT was extracranial ICA at 65.6% followed by extracranial vertebral artery at 11.2%. Intracranial FFT was seen collectively in 18.0% of patients. The intracranial ICA and the basilar artery were each affected in 6.6 % of patients followed by the vertebral artery affected in 3.3% of patients.
The most common cause associated with FFT is atherosclerotic disease of the affected vessel with either complicated plaque (ulcerated or fissured) with or without stenosis. Other possible associations include arterial dissections, cardioemoblic events, and hypercoagulable states [12].
There still remains a debate about the ideal method of treating these patients whether it be medical treatment with the different types of antithrombotics versus EVT such as stenting, stent retrievers and/or a direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) [8,13].
A retrospective study by Gülcü et al. [14] emphasized the use of medical management for resolution of FFT with successful post-management outcome [13]. This can be supported as an option in asymptomatic or stable patients with silent infarcts. In addition, this approach seems to be favored in the presence of non-flow limiting stenosis or dissection with the rapid resolution of the thrombus on serial imaging in the first 2 to 3 weeks of the event.
When managing patients with carotid artery dissection or those with a significant/complicated atherosclerotic plaque, there is a tendency to favor surgical thromboendarterectomy. This is thought to minimize vessel manipulation and allows for placing intimal tacking sutures which can prevent flap progression which reduces the risk of cerebral embolism.
In the recent literature, there is a trend to utilize endovascular therapies for FFT. These can be offered either acutely or in a delayed manner mostly targeting residual stenosis. These options include clot contact aspiration with the ADAPT technique or stenting. ADAPT is a simple, efficient, and safe technique for revascularization of large vessel occlusion in patients with acute ischemic stroke [15]. It was found to have a favorable profile with proximal occlusion and when the culprit for the FFT is deemed inflammatory arteritis [16]. If the artery is found to have a residual stenosis that is flow-limiting, we would advocate for stenting of the offending plaque in an expedited manner. These options lend themselves to debate when the offending vessel is in the anterior circulation. In contrast, the treatment options of posterior circulation vessels affected by FFT are limited to either medical therapy or endovascular means. There is no consensus of the management protocol for FFT. We summarized the existing literature on this entity in Table 1 [3,7,8,12,16-41]. Although it is difficult to establish a consensus on a management approach for FFT, we devised as proposed practical approach to FFT in a decision tree presented in Fig. 5.
Our patient had symptoms primarily related to an acute ischemic MCA stroke. She did not manifest any symptoms related to posterior circulation, despite harboring a FFT in the vertebral artery, which was incidentally observed during imaging. This stresses the importance of CTA in detecting FFT especially in asymptomatic cases like ours.
To our knowledge, this represents the first case reported in the English literature of an asymptomatic FFT in the vertebral artery in a patient presenting with an MCA stroke. It is extremely fascinating that the FFT in this patient’s right vertebral artery remained clinically silent, despite the lack of direct filling in the right PICA, which could have rendered her with defects if not a full-blown Wallenberg syndrome.
In our patient, we opted for EVT over medical therapy in fear of the risk of hemorrhagic transformation in the sizable ischemic MCA infarct. To that end we chose ADAPT as our first option of interventional management. From a technical stand point, this technique mitigated any wire or microcatheter manipulation that might have dislodged the clot into the basilar artery, which poses a significant risk of morbidity. We also used an almost wire-less advancement of the intermediate catheter especially beyond the V2-3 junction to avoid the same potential of inadvertent clot manipulation.
This case illustrates the importance of obtaining an early contrast-based vascular imaging in all patients affected with acute ischemic stroke to be able to visualize anterograde and retrograde flow in any given vessel. This would help in stratifying risks and needed interventions accordingly.
In conclusion, this is the first reported case of an asymptomatic FFT in the vertebral artery that was discovered coincidently in a patient presenting with an anterior circulation stroke. It highlights the importance of early acquisition of vascular imaging for all stroke patients and the timely utilization of EVT (ADAPT) as a safe and preferred method of acute revascularization in such cases.

Notes

Fund

None.

Ethics Statement

An informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts to disclose.

Author Contributions

Concept and design: HAJ and MAA. Analysis and interpretation: HAJ and MAA. Data collection: MAA and YA. Writing the article: MAA and HAJ. Critical revision of the article: HAJ, YA, and FA. Final approval of the article: HAJ, MAA, and FA. Statistical analysis: MAA. Obtained funding: none. Overall responsibility: HAJ.

Fig. 1.
Magnetic resonance imaging brain showing the sizable right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory ischemic stroke on FLAIR imaging (upper panel). The magnetic resonance angiography shows the occlusion of the superior branch of the right MCA (lower panel).
neuroint-2020-00087f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Computed tomography angiography with axial and sagittal demonstration of the free-floating thrombus in the right vertebral artery at the junction of the V3-4 segment. R, right; L, left.
neuroint-2020-00087f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
Diagnostic and interventional angiogram. (A) Left vertebral angiographic run showing no cross flow into the right vertebral artery. (B) The right vertebral angiographic run showing the filling defect of the free-floating thrombus (FFT) with minimal contrast flow into the distal vertebral artery. (C) The aspirated fragments of the FFT. (D) Right vertebral angiographic run post contact aspiration showing no flow limitation in the vertebral artery with mild stenosis at the V3-4 junction with sluggish flow in the right posterior-inferior cerebellar artery.
neuroint-2020-00087f3.jpg
Fig. 4.
Post thrombectomy diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging showing no ischemic event in the posterior circulation territory.
neuroint-2020-00087f4.jpg
Fig. 5.
A proposed practical approach to free-floating thrombus (FFT). CEA, carotid endarterectomy; EVT, endovascular therapy.
neuroint-2020-00087f5.jpg
Table 1.
Review of the current literature on FFT
No. Publication title Authors (reference) Year of publication No. of patients Patient presentation Site of the FFT Management Outcome
1 Clinical implications of the incidental Finding of a free-floating thrombus in the internal carotid artery Härtl et al. [18] 2020 1 Incidental then clinically silent brain infarction Carotid CEA was offered to the patient but refused and continued on AP and statins Clinically stable on medical therapy
2 Surgical thromboendarterectomy for free-floating thrombus associated with cervical carotid artery dissection: a case report Imahori et al. [19] 2020 1 TIA Carotid AP followed by CEA No ischemic events after CEA
3 Carotid stenting as definitive treatment for free floating thrombus-review of 7 cases Bhogal et al. [20] 2020 7 Stroke Carotid DAPT and stenting No intraoperative complications and no cases of distal clot migration
4 Carotid free-floating thrombus causing stroke in a young woman with lupus anticoagulant: a case report and review of the literature Afsharfard et al. [21] 2017 1 Stroke Carotid AC followed by CEA No new ischemic events after ECA
5 Considerations beyond stenosis for carotid endarterectomy in treating free-floating thrombus of the carotid artery Tolaymat et al. [22] 2019 6 Stroke Carotid CEA (4 of 6 patients received preoperative AC) No new ischemic events after ECA (1 patient failed for follow up and 1 developed restenosis but remained clinically stable)
6 Endovascular treatment of asymptomatic free-floating thrombus in the carotid artery bifurcation: a direct aspiration firstpass technique under double balloon protection Yamaoka et al. [23] 2019 1 Stroke Carotid AC followed by EVT (aspiration) No new ischemic changes
7 Ischemic stroke and floating thrombosis in dissection of the common carotid artery in patient at third week of pregnancy: surgical technical success and maintenance of pregnancy Ascoli Marchetti et al. [24] 2019 1 Stroke Carotid AC followed by CEA No new ischemic changes
8 Anemia: an unusual cause of free-floating thrombus of carotid artery Emamikhah et al. [25] 2019 1 Stroke Carotid AC followed by then DAPT CEA and statins No new ischemic changes
9 Intraluminal thrombi in the cervico-cephalic arteries Singh et al. [12] 2019 61 Stroke/TIA ICA, VA, BA 57 AC and AP No new ischemic changes when treated in combination with antithrombotic therapy
15 CEA
9 CAS
10 Rare case of floating intimal flap associated with atheromatous carotid plaque Yamaguchi et al. [26] 2019 1 Asymptomatic ICA CEA No new ischemic changes
11 Diagnosis and management of carotid free-floating thrombus: a systematic literature review Fridman et al. [27] 2019 525 Stroke/TIA Carotid 94 Early carotid thrombectomy No consensus
64 Late carotid thrombectomy
352 medical therapy : AP and/or AC
12 Endovascular aspiration of a symptomatic free-floating common carotid artery thrombus Carr et al. [28] 2018 1 Stroke Carotid AP, AC and statins followed by EVT (aspiration and stent retriever) No new ischemic changes
13 Expanding the role of stent-retriever endovascular thrombectomy: a case series of free-floating thrombus Fitzpatrick et al. [17] 2018 3 Stroke Carotid AC followed by EVT: stent retriever No new ischemic changes
14 Carotid artery angioplasty and stenting for atherosclerotic plaque with mobile intimal flap Bae and Vo [29] 2018 2 Stroke ICA CAS No new ischemic changes
15 Huge free-floating thrombus in the internal carotid artery Tanriverdi et al. [30] 2017 1 TIA ICA AC followed by intervention for the stenosis (after resolution of the thrombus) No new ischemic changes
16 Stentriever thrombectomy with distal protection device for carotid free floating thrombus: a technical case report Giragani et al. [3] 2017 1 TIA followed by stroke AP and AC followed by EVT stent retriever No new ischemic changes
17 Clopidogrel load reduces emboli in carotid artery stenosis with freefloating thrombus Graham and Menon [31] 2017 1 Stroke ICA Medical: AP (ASA then shifted to clopidogrel) and AC No new ischemic changes with partial resolution of FFT and ICA stenosis on CTA
18 Free floating thrombus in carotid artery in a patient with recurrent strokes Roy et al. [7] 2017 1 TIA then stroke ICA Medical: AP and AC (long term AC) No new ischemic changes
19 Free-floating thrombus in a stenotic supraclinoid left internal carotid artery Karapurkar et al. [32] 2016 1 TIA then stroke Medical: AP and AC then stenting for the stenosis No new ischemic changes
20 Free-floating thrombus in the internal carotid artery treated by anticoagulation and delayed carotid endarterectomy Leško et al. [33] 2016 1 Stroke ICA AC followed by ECA after the resolution of the thrombus No new ischemic changes
21 Free floating thrombus in the internal carotid and vascular risk: presentation of a case Frías et al. [34] 2016 1 Stroke ICA AC No new ischemic changes
22 Carotid free-floating thrombus in woman with meningioma: a case report and review of the literature Santoro et al. [35] 2015 1 ICA Medical: AP, AC, statins No new ischemic changes
23 Free-floating thrombus in stroke patients with nonstenotic internal carotid artery-an ultrasonographic study Vassileva et al. [36] 2015 5 Stroke ICA Medical: AP No new ischemic changes
24 Acute ischaemic stroke secondary to a mobile thrombus in the common carotid artery: case report Bajkó et al. [37] 2015 1 Stroke ICA Medical : AP, AC No new ischemic changes
25 Acute free-floating carotid artery thrombus causing stroke in a young patient: unique etiology and management using endovascular approach Tan et al. [16] 2014 1 Stroke ICA EVT penumbra No new ischemic changes
26 Free-floating thrombus in the internal carotid artery: diagnosis and treatment of 16 cases in a single center Ferrero et al. [38] 2011 16 Stroke ICA Carotid endarterectomy
27 A big floating thrombus in the common carotid artery La Spada et al. [39] 2011 1 Stroke ICA Carotid endarterectomy No new ischemic changes
28 Diagnosis and surgical management of free-floating thrombus within the carotid artery Lane et al. [40] 2010 6 Stroke ICA Carotid endarterectomy No new ischemic changes
29 Free-floating thrombus of the carotid artery: literature review and case reports Bhatti et al. [8] 2007 145 Stroke ICA 33 AC Medical treatment: 20% improved, 77% stable, 3% worsened
9 AP
1 Steroids Surgery: 37% improved, 54% stable, 9% worsened
6 CAS
3 Carotid artery bypass
85 CEA
30 Disappearance of an oscillating intraluminal thrombus in the carotid artery demonstrated by ultrasonog- raphy Yonemura et al. [41] 2003 1 Stroke ICA AC No new ischemic changes

FFT, free-floating thrombus; CEA, carotid endarterectomy; AP, anti-platelets; TIA, transient ischemic attack; DAPT, dual antiplatelets therapy; AC, anticoagulant; ECA, external carotid artery; EVT, endovascular therapy; ICA, internal carotid artery; VA, vertebral artery; BA, basilar artery; CAS, carotid artery stenting; ASA, aspirin.

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